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Lingeer Fatim Beye
Lingeer Fatim Beye Joos Fadiou〔Many variations : ''Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, pp 225, 233), ''Fatim/Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234), ''Fatime Bey'' (BIFAN, 1979, p 234), etc. The ''Beye'' or ''Bèye'', following its French spelling in Senegal is also a Serer matriclan. Fatim (proper : ''Fa tim'') in Serer language means ''"the maternal clan of..."'' For more on Serer matrilineality, see : Jean-Marc Gastellu « 'Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest', Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines (1985) », () Jean-Marc Gastellu, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa" : ''A Note'' (O.R.S.TO.M)〕 (commonly Lingeer Fatim Beye) was a 14th-century (c. 1335〔Married to Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh king of Sine just after Battle of Troubang. See : BIFAN 1955, p 317; & Sarr, p 19〕) Serer princess and queen (Lingeer) from the Kingdom of Sine.〔 She is the matriarch and early ancestor of the Joos Maternal Dynasty of Waalo.〔〔 She is usually regarded by some sources as the founder of the Joos Maternal Dynasty.〔 The pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine and Waalo now lies within present-day Senegal. Her surname is ''Beye'' (English-Gambia) or ''Bèye'' (French-Senegal). ''Joos Fadiou'' is her maternal clan. In Serer, ''"Fa-tim"'' means ''"the maternal clan of..."''
Lingeer Ndoye Demba, maternal granddaughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye, was given in marriage to the king of Waalo Brak Caaka Mbaar Mbooj〔Variations : ''Thiaka Mbar'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234) or ''Tiacka Mbar'' (see BIFAN, 1955, p 317)〕),〔 Institut français d'Afrique noire, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 17. IFAN, (1955), p 317〕〔 in c. 1367. Lingeer Ndoye Demba went on to establish the Joos Maternal Dynasty in Waalo which lasted from the 14th century to 1855, the year Waalo fell to the French resulting in the disestablishment of the monarchy.〔 From the 14th century to 1855, the Joos Maternal Dynasty provided many kings of Waalo but also contributed to its instability due to dynastic struggles between the competing maternal dynasties of the country (''Joos'', ''Tedyek'' and ''Loggar''〔Many variations : Joos = Dioss Fahou/Fadiou (see BIFAN, p 234, 1979), ''Dyoss'' (see BIFAN 1955, p 317), ''Dieuss'', ''Dihosou'', ''Diouss'', ''Dyoos'' (see Barr, 1985, p 73), ''Djeus'' (see Brigaud, p 16); Tedyek = ''Tédiek'' (see Brigaud) or ''Teedyekk'' (see Barry 1985);etc. Loggar = ''Logar''. They are the three reigning maternal dynasties of Waalo. The kings of Waalo (Brak) must be a member of one of these three as well as from the patrilineage Mbooj (or ''Mbodj'') before being eligible to succeed to the throne. See : Barry, 1985, p 73〕).〔Barry, 1985, pp 183-186.〕〔 Ogot, Bethwell A., "Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", (Editors : Bethwell A. Ogot, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa; contributors : Bethwell A. Ogot, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, University of California Press (1992), p 281, ISBN 0435948113 () (Retrieved : 11 July 2012)〕
==Biography==
Lingeer Fatim Beye was a member of the Serer ethnic group and the matriarch of the Joos Maternal Dynasty of Waalo.〔〔Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 41 (1979) , p 225〕 The Joos Maternal Dynasty (Serer proper : Joos Fadiou or ''Dioss Fahou/Fadiou''〔 Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines / Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 41. p 234, (1979)〕〔) was a Serer maternal dynasty in the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo.〔〔 Barry, Boubacar, "Le Royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la conquête", KARTHALA Editions (1985), p 73, ISBN 2865371417〕
Fatim Beye was a contemporary of Ndiadiane Ndiaye〔 (founder of the Jolof Empire) and Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (var : Manyeasa Wali Dione〔) who was the first Guelowar to rule in Sine or any of the .〔 Some sources note that, she was once married to Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali〔 thereby linking this matriclan to a rather significant part of Serer medieval history, i.e. the constitutional change in Sine which shaped its medieval to 20th century history.〔For more on this, see : Lamane, Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh, Guelowar and Kingdom of Sine〕 The marriage of Lingeer Fatim Beye to one of the most historical personalities of 14th century agrees pretty much with the general consensus regarding Serer-Guelowar relations. It was a union based on marriage among the upper echelons Serer and Guelowar society.〔 According to Henry Gravrand, the defeat of the Guelowars by the Ñaancos at the Battle of Troubang in(1335) at Kaabu,〔 Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p 19〕 spearheaded their migration to Serer territory after the massacre inflicted upon them at Troubang. In reporting this tradition, Gravrand did not notice that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865) Battle of Kansala although the departure of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or a conflict of succession.〔Sarr, Alioune, ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)'' Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19〕 It was the Serer nobility to which Lingeer Fatim Beye's family were a member of, who granted them asylum after their escape from Kaabu, the country of their birth.〔 « Babacar Sédikh Diouf » () : Ngom, Biram ''"La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin"'', Dakar, Université de Dakar (1987), p 69〕 As an early ancestor of the Joos Maternal Dynasty, with royal ties to two pre-colonial Senegambian kingdoms from the start of their constitutional change, Lingeer Fatim Beye is regarded as one of the most significant female personalities of and history.〔〔〔 Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), p 16〕 Her descendants went on to shape Senegambian medieval to 19th century history.〔
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